Relevance of the reports to 1421
Professor Novick’s report was the key to getting us started. Because it is clearly and concisely written it is easily understandable to a layman. Tables 1 and 2 give particularly vivid illustrations.
(i) Deductions which may be drawn from Tables 1 & 2 of Professor Novick’s report:
(a) The Greenland Natives and Alaska Natives are 3,000 miles apart. If the ‘Chinese’ DNA was brought across the Bering Straits to Alaska by people who then marched across N Canada to Greenland, one would expect the DNA of intervening peoples to initially resemble Alaskan DNA then gradually mutate. This is not the case. For the Greenland and Alaska natives’ DNA to be so strikingly similar, the implication must be that these peoples must have received “recent gene flow from Asia” at about the same time. Alaska is on the Pacific coast and Greenland in the Atlantic. The only way the Greenland and Alaska people could have received the gene flow at about the same time is by ship – and moreover by ships which sailed in the Pacific and the Atlantic. Because of the prevailing winds and tides these simultaneous voyages must have been conducted by different fleets. (Refer to Torroni (10) and (11); Fideas E, Leon S (16) and (23); Parham (24); Katsushi Tokunaga (15).)
(b) The Greenland and Alaska Natives and the Maya of the Yucatan Peninsular are thousands of miles apart. Had the “recent gene flow” from Asia been from across the Bering Straits, one would expect intervening peoples between Alaska and the Yucatan to have DNA which gradually mutates from Alaska until Yucatan and this gradual mutation should be reflected in intervening peoples. This is not the case. Buctzozt Maya DNA is so close to Chinese that the Buctzozt could almost be called Chinese. Maya DNA is far closer to Alaska DNA than it is to the Indian people who live along the route from Alaska to Yucatan (viz. Navajo). The Maya on the Atlantic coast and the Alaskans on the Pacific coast must have received their “recent gene flow from Asia” at about this same time. Again, multiple fleets would be required. (Refer to Torroni (10) and (11).)
(c) The same argument can be applied to the Incas of Pacific South America whose DNA is closer to the Chinese and Maya of the Atlantic coast and closed to the natives of Greenland than it is to other Indian peoples of South America.
(d) Professor Novick’s report which finds “close similarity between the Chinese and Native Americans” covers people far distant from each other:
1. Atlantic – High Arctic
2. Pacific – High Arctic
3. Amazonia – thousands of miles upriver
4. Patagonia/Bolivia – 1000 miles upriver.
To reach these places thousands of miles apart in different hemispheres at about the same time not only were different fleets required but huge fleets. The Atlantic fleet sailing to Greenland, the Yucatan, Caribbean, Amazon and Patagonia; the Pacific fleet from Alaska right down the coast to South America. (See also Schurr (6); Vilchis (7); Torroni (10) and (11); Arends and Gallengo (12) and Katsusi Tokunaga (15).)
Conclusion:
The Author contends the only huge fleets which sailed to North and South America were those under the command of Admiral Zheng He, and that there is a wealth of supporting evidence summarised in this synopsis that Admiral Zheng He’s fleets visited each place where Professor Novick and colleagues have found DNA evidence of “recent gene flow from Asia”.
(ii) COMPARISON BETWEEN NOVICK & COLLEAGUES’ REPORT (1) AND BRUGES ARMAS AND COLLEAGUES’ REPORT (2)
Bruges Armas and Colleagues (2) found an Azorean population in which “genetic distances” [e.g. of Mongoloid and Singaporean Chinese people] are in some cases closer to the Asian than to the European ethnic groups.” Novick (1) found the Greenland people showed “close similarity between the Chinese and Native Americans suggest recent gene flow from Asia”. It is about 10 days’ sailing from Greenland to the Azores – with the wind and current. No one can possibly argue Mongolians and Chinese reached the Azores overland.
(iii) COMPARISON BETWEEN GABRIEL NOVICK AND COLLEAGUES’ REPORT (1) AND THAT OF ANTONIO TORRONI (10)
Torroni (10)found that Siberian peoples did not have Group B deletion haplotypes but East Asians and Native American populations did. In short, in the passage from East Asia to the Americas, Siberia had been bypassed – the passage of that group of people was thus not across the Bering Straits.
(iv) FIDIAS E, LEON S, AND COLLEAGUES (16)
found that the Cayapa or Chachi people of Ecuador displayed an aldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency molecularly similar to that found in Southeast Asian and Japanese people but absent in Northeast Asians. “These similarities add strength to the proposal that ancient voyages could follow the Pacific Sea currents that join Japan to South America as well as other routes.”
(v) PETER PARHAM RESPONSE TO FIDIAS E LEON S (24)
“the HLA class Haplotype B* 4003, C* 0304, A*0211 becomes a candidate for having found its way to South America by a route not involving passage through South America.” The Guarani (to whom Professor Parham was referring) were reached by the Atlantic – they live beside the Paraguay tributaries. The Native Indian peoples described by Fidias E Leon S were reached by Pacific voyages. So both coasts of South America were reached . The route of Zhou Man’s voyage through the ‘Straits of Magellan’ is from Atlantic to Pacific.
(vi) VOYAGES TO AUSTRALASIA
A mass of plants (such as sweet potatoes) originating in S America were found in New Zealand by the first Europeans to reach New Zealand. Some pre-European travelled from South America to New Zealand.
(vii) BRYAN SYKES (14)
“The genetics rule out Thor Heyerdahl’s explanation that the sweet potato was bought into the Pacific by the people who he thought had colonised Polynesia from South America. . . . To my knowledge not a single example of Polynesian mitochrondrial DNA has ever been found there [in South America]. . . . The genetics prove that, too, beyond any doubt: the Maoris of Aotearoa [New Zealand] share exactly the same mitochondrial DNA as their cousins in Polynesia”. i.e. No Maoris ever reached South America.
(viii) POPULATION OF NORTH PACIFIC ISLANDS: GEOFFREY K CHAMBERS (9)
“The information that has come from several studies in my laboratory turns out to be consistent with a pattern of migration [of Maoris] starting with an ancestral population in mainland Asia . . . Our findings support the Asian origins of the Western Pacific JCV strains and suggest three broad movements . . . and relatively recent movements carrying largely type 7’A (South China) strains directly from the West (i.e. from China).”
(ix) TRANS-PACIFIC VOYAGES TO NEW ZEALAND: HERTZBERG (18) AND SHINJI HARIHARA (20)
Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Niue, the Cook Islands and the Maori have ancestors from the Shizvuka prefecture of Japan! (note Chinese not tested in this sample).
It appears to the Author (GM) that it is at least arguable that the fleet reaching Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Niue and New Zealand contained both Chinese (Chambers (9) and Japanese ships (Hertzberg (18) and Harihara (20). The Japanese content is reinforced by Fidias E Leon S (25). This was the route of Zhou Man’s voyage.
There is no similar ‘Japanese’ admixture in the route of Hong Bao or Zhou Wen’s fleet – Zhou Wen’s route did evidence Korean and Mongolian DNA (Sykes (14) and Bruges-Armas (2)) Hong Bao’s seems to have been entirely Chinese.
