Hong Bao and Zhou Man – Voyages to South America – The Genetic Legacy
The Genetic evidence as summarised in the attachment suggest:
(i) That the peoples of the Caribbean coast of North America (Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana) have “recent gene flow from Asia”
(ii) The peoples of the middle Amazon (Solimoes/ River Negro juncture) also have “recent gene flow from Asia”. They also suffer from diseases and viruses originating in Asia, which can only be carried by sea.
(iii) The people of the Upper Paraguay River of Argentina – notably the Guarani – are closely related phylogenetically to present day Japanese people (Fernandez Cobo and colleagues) and “…close similarity between the Chinese… suggests recent gene flow from Asia” – (Gabriel Novick and colleagues)
(iv) The Guarani (Atlantic coast) and the Natives of Ecuador and Colombia (Pacific Coast) are linked with each other and Japanese, Koreans and Mongolians – Haplotype B* 4003 – Peter Parham in response to Fideas E Leon S.
(v) Evidence of Fleets gathering at Calicut on the Malabar coast of India (as Vasco da Gama was told 80 years later)
(ii) The peoples of the middle Amazon (Solimoes/ River Negro juncture) also have “recent gene flow from Asia”. They also suffer from diseases and viruses originating in Asia, which can only be carried by sea.
(iii) The people of the Upper Paraguay River of Argentina – notably the Guarani – are closely related phylogenetically to present day Japanese people (Fernandez Cobo and colleagues) and “…close similarity between the Chinese… suggests recent gene flow from Asia” – (Gabriel Novick and colleagues)
(iv) The Guarani (Atlantic coast) and the Natives of Ecuador and Colombia (Pacific Coast) are linked with each other and Japanese, Koreans and Mongolians – Haplotype B* 4003 – Peter Parham in response to Fideas E Leon S.
(v) Evidence of Fleets gathering at Calicut on the Malabar coast of India (as Vasco da Gama was told 80 years later)
“More than eight hundred sail of large and small ships had come to India from the ports of Malacca and China and the Lequeos (Ryuku) Islands …”
The Ryuku Islands (Okinawa the best known) lie off South Japan.
(vi) There are no reports of Japanese DNA in the Caribbean coast of North America or in Amazonian peoples. Japanese (with Chinese DNA) first appears in the River Paraguay amongst the Guarani. The same can be said for Mongolian DNA which first appears amongst the Guarani.
Summary
The above suggests two separate fleets sailed to South America.
(i) to Caribbean coast of S. America, thence Amazon, Paraguay River, around South America and up Pacific coast to Colombia. This had purely Chinese ships.
(ii) The second, which sailed direct to the Falklands and the River Paraguay. This had Japanese ships and also Mongolian sailors.
(iii) Was their rendezvous 180° East of Beijing at 64°West i.e. off the Falklands?
The above suggests two separate fleets sailed to South America.
(i) to Caribbean coast of S. America, thence Amazon, Paraguay River, around South America and up Pacific coast to Colombia. This had purely Chinese ships.
(ii) The second, which sailed direct to the Falklands and the River Paraguay. This had Japanese ships and also Mongolian sailors.
(iii) Was their rendezvous 180° East of Beijing at 64°West i.e. off the Falklands?
| Place |
Report Relied Upon
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Summary of Report
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Link in Asia
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|
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1
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N. Colombia (Caribbean)
Kogui, Chimila and Wayu peoples
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Gabriel Novick and Colleagues
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“Close similarity between the Chinese and Native Americans suggests recent gene flow from Asia”
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Alu Insertions – China
|
|
2
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Venezuela – Yupa Indians
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Tulio Arends and M.L. Gallengo
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“In 58 percent of the Yupa Indians of Venezuela there is a slow moving transferrin electrophoretically indistinguishable from Tf Dchi which to date has only been found in Chinese.”
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Transferrins – China
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3
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Amazonia Karitiana and Surui peoples
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Gabriel Novick and Colleagues
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“Close similarity between the Chinese and Native Americans suggests recent gene flow from Asia”
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Alu Insertions – China
|
|
4
|
Lower Amazon (Matto Grosso)
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Olympio Fonseca
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Absense of Duffy blood groups amongst Indian peoples of Matto Grosso – as in Asia
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Asia |
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5
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Lower Amazon (Matto Grosso) Lengua people
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Olympio Fonseca
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Hookworm and Roundworm amongst Lengua people and “skin disease amongst Indians of the Matto Grosso is identical in clinical manifestation…to certain Asian and Oceanic populations.”
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SE Asia – by sea (worms would die in Bering Straits cold)
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6
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Argentina – Guarani, Upper Paraguay Missiones Provinces
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Gabriel Novick and Colleagues
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“Close similarity between the Chinese and Native Americans suggests recent gene flow from Asia”
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Alu Insertions – China
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|
7
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Argentina – Guarani Upper Paraguay Missions Provinces
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W.K. Lee and Colleagues
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“Allele B 4003 first found in the Guarani population has now been found in Koreans, Japanese and Mongolians”
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Korea, Japan, Mongolia
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8
|
Argentina – Guarani Upper Paraguay Missiones Provinces
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Peter Parham
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A* 0211 found in Guarani and in Indian peoples of Pacific coast of South America.
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Asia |
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9
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Argentina – Guarani Upper Paraguay Missiones Provinces
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Mariana Fernandez – Cobo and Colleagues
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“…type 2A JCV [urine] strains from the North and South Americans are closely related phylogenetically to strains in present day Japan” (Arg. 2 Guarani: Navajo 41 Japan MY and Salish Mt, in Fig 3 are identical)
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JCV – Urine excretions to Japan
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10
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Chile – Valparaiso
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C. Campusano and Colleagues
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“The comparison of ACP with data obtained from other populations indicates similarity with Mongoloid groups…results indicate Valparaiso population is result of genetic admixture.”
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Mongols |
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11
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Peru/ Ecuador – Inca people
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Gabriel Novick and Colleagues
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“Close similarity between the Chinese and Native Americans suggests recent gene flow from Asia”
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Alu Insertions – China
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12
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Peru, Cuzco – Juanita’s frozen body
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Japanese (details to follow)
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Mitochondrial DNA of the Ice Maiden Juanita buried on Apato volcano since c.1440 is Taiwanese.
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Taiwan
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13
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Ecuador – Cayapa and Chachi peoples
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Fideas E Leon S and Colleagues
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“people with the so-called ‘new’ Allele such as the Cayapa or Chachi from Ecuador also display an aldehyde dehydrogenase difficiency that is found in South East Asia and Japanese people but absent in North East Asians.”
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Japan and SE Asia
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14
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SE Colombia Cauca and Narino Provinces – Paez, Guambiano and Ingano people
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Gabriel Novick and Colleagues
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“Close similarity between the Chinese and Native Americans suggests recent gene flow from Asia”
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Alu Insertions – China
|
|
15
|
Colombia
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Fideas E Leon S. and Colleagues
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“…a Colombian aboriginal people living near the Pacific Colombian coast named the Noanama/ Waunana are clustered genetically close to Japanese people than to other American Natives”
|
Japan |
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16
|
Pre-Columbian South American Indians
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Laming – Emperaire
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Anclylostoma Duodenale, Tinea Imbricata, Pierre Noire, Typhus, Murin and other parasitic diseases were shared between the old world and pre-Columbian South American Indians. Note – Many of these diseases/ Afflictions would have been killed by the cold if on Bering Straits crossing.
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Asia |
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17
|
Pre-Columbian South American Indians
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Olympio Fonseca
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“Hookworm eggs are found in pre-European mummified bodies and … Such eggs develop in one phase only in warm soil, thus the authors suppose that not all American natives could have descended from peoples who crossed the Bering Strait. They hypothesize transpacific migrations from Asia as one component of ancient American populations.” (1982)
“Recent finds of internal parasites [in Brazil] in human remains in America are evidence for Pre-Columbian contacts across the Oceans.”
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Asia |
