Frontispiece
1 Synopsis of Evidence Exclusive
2 Research Methods and Equipment Deployed
3 Vetting 1421 for accuracy by Chinese Institutions
4 Summary of Interesting Information received recently via www.gavinmenzies.net
Part I .i – The Europeans Reached the New World with Copies of Chinese Maps
1 Evidence provided at the Royal Geographical Society on March 15th, 2002
2 The whole world was charted by 1423 – before the European voyages of discovery started
3 The Europeans set sail with accurate maps that showed their destinations
Part I .ii – The Discovery of the World
1 The Discovery of the Master Charts of the World
2 The Eastern Hemisphere – Albertin de Virga’s Map
3 Provenance of Albertin de Virga’s Map
4 The Importance of the Map
5 How the Map was drawn – the ingredients
6 Zheng He’s 1408 Master Chart of the World (refer to part II)
7 Consequences of Albertin de Virga’s Map
8 The Western Hemisphere – The Waldseemueller Map (Published 1507)
9 Importance of the Waldseemueller Map
10 The Martellus forgeries
11 Waldseemueller Projection
12 Appendix I – The Waldseemueller Chart Coordinates used by GM
13 The Waldseemueller and The Cantino (1502)
14 Appendix II – Names on The Cantino and Waldseemueller charts.
15 The World shown on the Waldseemueller ( Western Hemisphere) and the Albertin di Virga (Eastern Hemisphere) – combined
Part I .iii – Zheng He's Integrated Map of the World, 1418
1 Zheng He’s integrated map of the world, 1418 – PRESS RELEASE
2 Liu Gang’s paper – Chinese bi-hemispherical world maps
3 Liu Gang – Map talks without sound – a refutation of the criticisms of his map
4 1418 map AMS dating certificate
5 English Translation of Annotations Depicted on 1418 Map
6 1418 map – Background briefing
7 Dr. Gunnar Thompson’s technical review of the 1418 map
8 Index of maps relating to Gavin Menzies presentation in Beijing, March 22nd 2006
9 1418 map – Gavin Menzies’ presentation to Beijing Press Conference, March 23rd, 2006
10 Records of Zheng He and Kublai Khan
11 Liu Gang’s original article on the 1418 map, 17th January 2006
12 Dr. Gunnar Thompson’s opinion of the 1418 map
14 Anatole Andro’s opinion of the 1418 map
15 Professor Robert Cribbs’ opinion of the 1418 map
16 G. A. Bottomley’s opinion concerning the determination of longitude by eclipses
17 Yu Di Tu – Heaven and Earth – a Ming dynasty book
18 Albertin di Virga’s map and Zheng He’s 1418 map
19 Waldseemueller’s maps and Zheng He’s 1418 map
20 Cantino Map of 1502 and Zheng He’s 1418 map
21 The 1418 map in relation to California
22 Preface from Matteo Ricci’s world map for passage to North Sea
23 Pre-European Cartography of the NE and NW passages by Robin Lind
24 A summary Tai Peng Wang’s research on Liu Gang’s map
25 A summary of Lam Yee Din’s research on Liu Gang’s map
26 Chinese Knowledge of the Spherical Earth Centered on the Sun by Gunnar Thompson, Ph.D.
27 The 1418 map – Zheng He’s fleets visits to Peru
28 Determining Longitude by the Equation of Time of the Moon (Professor Robert Cribbs)
29 Zheng He’s method of calculating latitude and longitude
30 Extracts from early Chinese records concerning the deveolpment and use of the magnetic compass
Part II – Medieval Chinese Knowledge and the Fleets
1 At the time only the Chinese had the capacity and knowledge to explore and chart the world
2 Chinese knowledge of the world in 1421
3 Chinese claims as to where Zheng He’s fleets sailed
4 Key to the Discoveries – The determination of Latitude and Longitude
5 Determination of Longitude
6 Observation platforms used by the Chinese in 1421-2
7 Areas of the World surveyed
8 The Chinese Fleet
Part III – Evidence of the Voyages of Zheng He Fleets
1 Introduction
2 Chinese maps, star charts and records which escaped destruction
3 Chinese or Asiatic People found by the First European Explorers
4 Local peoples descriptions of Chinese or Asiatic peoples who settled amongst them before Europeans arrived and descriptions of their ancestry
5 Linguistics and Languages common to the New World and China
6 Accounts of contemporary historians that describe Chinese in the New World
7 Shipwrecks with ”Chinese” characteristics found in the wake of the Chinese Fleet
8 Chinese Porcelain/Ceramics found in the wake of Zheng He’s Fleet
9 Pre-Columbian Chinese Jade found in the wake of the Treasure Fleet
10 Artefacts, gems, votive offerings, coins and funerary urns found in wake of Chinese Fleet
11 Stone buildings or stone artefacts found in the wake of the Chinese fleet
12 Mining Operations found by Europeans when they reached the New World
13 Advanced Technologies found by first Europeans on their arrival in the New World
14 Men and animals indigenous to one continent found in another by the first Europeans
15 Plants indigenous to one continent found on another.
16 Art exported around the world by Zheng He’s fleet / Pictures of Chinese people / junks found in other lands
17 Folklore & Legends / Customs and Games ’exported’ from China to the New World
18 Metal artefacts – armour, weapons and implements found in wake of Treasure Fleet
19 Plant and Animal Breeding (Darwin)
20 Pets left behind by the Treasure Fleet
21 The Mega Tsunami of 1422 – possible scenario
22 The Destruction of Zhou Man and Hong Bao’s fleets in the Southern Ocean by a Tsunami triggered by a comet
23 1424 Chart – Dictionaries used for translation purposes
24 Pre-Columbian charts showing Antilia, Satanazes, Saya and Ymana 1
25 Pre-Columbian charts showing Antilia, Satanazes, Saya and Ymana 2
26 Pre-Columbian charts showing Antilia, Satanazes, Saya and Ymana 3
27 1424 Chart – Groupings of words
28 Selected Bibliography
Part IV – Papers Referred to in Genetics Study
Part V – The Trading System Created by the Chinese and Taken Over by the Europeans
Part VI – Annexes: Evidence of Chinese Fleets Visiting Specific Places Worldwide
1 Annex 1 – Evidence of Chinese Fleets visit to Calicut
2 Annex 2 – Evidence of the Chinese Fleets visiting the Indian Ocean
3 Annex 3 – Evidence on Chinese Fleets visit to Europe through Mediterranean
4 Annex 4 – Evidence of Chinese Fleets visit to Africa – East Coast
5 Annex 5 – Evidence of Chinese fleets visiting Africa – West Coast including South Africa
6 Annex 6 – Evidence of Chinese Fleets visit to Atlantic and Cape Verde Islands
7 Annex 7 – Evidence of the Chinese visiting Brazil
8 Annex 8 – Evidence of the Voyages of Chinese Fleets visiting Paraguay, Argentina and the Falklands
9 Annex 9 – Evidence of Chinese Fleets visit to Antarctic
10 Annex 10 – Evidence of Chinese Fleets visit to Australia – West Coast
11 Annex 11 – Evidence of Chinese Fleets visit to Chile, Patagonia and the Straits of Magellan
12 Annex 12 – Evidence of the Voyages of Zheng He’s Fleets to Peru and Bolivia
13 Annex 13 – Evidence of Chinese fleets visiting Ecuador
14 Annex 14 – Evidence of the Chinese Fleets visiting the Isthmus of Darien First
15 Annex 15 – Evidence of the first Panama Canal
16 Annex 16 – Evidence of Chinese Fleets visit Trans-Pacific to Australia
17 Annex 17 – Evidence of Chinese Fleets visit to Australia – East Coast and Northern Territories Coastline
18 Annex 18 – Evidence of Chinese Fleets visit to New Zealand
19 Annex 19 – Evidence of Chinese Fleets visit to Spice Islands/ Philippines/ Indonesia
20 Annex 20 – Evidence for the Chinese visit to the Trans-Pacific to America
21 Annex 21 – Evidence for the Japanese Ships which accompanied Zheng He’s Fleets
22 Annex 22 – Evidence of Chinese Fleets visiting British Colombia, Washington State and Oregon
23 Annex 23 – Evidence of the Chinese Fleets visiting California
24 Annex 24 – Evidence of the Chinese Fleets visiting Tiguex – Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico
25 Annex 25 – Evidence of the Chinese Fleets visiting Mexico
26 Annex 26 – Evidence of the Chinese Fleets visiting Guatemala, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Panama and Belize
27 Annex 27 – Evidence of Chinese Fleets visit to across the Caribbean to Florida
28 Annex 28 – Evidence of Chinese Fleets visit to Carolinas/ Virginia/ Mississippi/ Illinois/ North Dakota/ Wisconsin and Maine
29 Annex 28b – Evidence of Chinese fleets visit to the Great Lakes, Canada
30 Annex 29 – Chinese Settlements in New England: Boston & Rhode Island
31 Annexes 30, 31, 32 – Evidence of Chinese fleets to Northern Europe – Vice Admiral Chou Wen
Part VII Appendices – The Genetic Legacy of the Zheng He Fleets
1 The Genetic Legacy of Zheng He’s Fleets
2 Hong Bao and Zhou Man – Voyages to South America – The Genetic Legacy
3 Zhou Man – Voyage across the Pacific to Australasia – The Genetic Legacy
4 Zhou Wen – Voyage to the Caribbean, N. America and across the Atlantic to Europe – The Genetic Legacy
5 Zheng He – Voyage from China to North America and back again – The Genetic Legacy
6 Background to DNA Research
7 Synopsis of the principal DNA reports relied upon
8 DNA reports relied upon
9 Relevance of the reports to 1421
10 Epidemics, viruses and parasites
11 Diseases
12 A summary of where Chinese sailors and concubines of Zheng He’s fleets landed in the Americas
13 The Voyage of Zhou Man: The Genetic Legacy Summarised
14 Descendants of Settlers from Zheng He’s fleets who remain today (c. 43 peoples)
15 DNA Evidence of Haida and Aleut Peoples
16 DNA Evidence of Maidu, Yuki , Pima and Wintun Peoples of California
17 DNA Evidence of Gallinomero-speaking people of Healdsburg, California
18 DNA Evidence of Concow people of Chico (Sacramento River, California)
19 DNA Evidence of Navajo People and Apache people
20 DNA Evidence of Mazatec People of Mexico (Olmec culture)
21 DNA Evidence Campeche and Buctzotz Maya Peoples
22 DNA Evidence Waunana and Ngobe Peoples of Panama
23 DNA Evidence of Moskoke (alternative spelling Muskogee) Peoples of S E USA and N W Florida
24 DNA Evidence of Sioux and Cree Ojibwa Peoples of America and Canada
25 DNA Evidence of Ming Ho Peoples of W. Virginia (please refer to Appendix 19)
26 DNA Evidence of Shawnee peoples of the Carolinas
27 DNA Evidence of Indian Peoples of Venezuela and Colombia-Irapa, Paraujano and Macoita
28 DNA Evidence of Surui People of Amazonia, Solimoes/Rio Negro Junction
29 DNA Evidence of Quechua People (Bolivia/Mato Grosso Borders) and Toba (N W Argentina, Salado River)
30 DNA Evidence Inca People of Ecuador
31 DNA Evidence of Maori Peoples of New Zealand
32 DNA Evidence of Waitaha people of New Zealand South Island – Tananaui
33 DNA Evidence of Gunditjmara Aborigines of Victoria, S. Australia
34 DNA Evidence of Nyungah Aboriginal people of Broome and Perth
35 DNA Evidence of Aboriginal people of Darwin, Australia
36 DNA Evidence of Aboriginal people of Fraser Island
37 DNA Evidence of Pate Islanders of East Africa
38 DNA Evidence of Namaqua Hottentot People
39 DNA Evidence of Hawaiian People and the People of Guam
40 DNA Evidence of Yuchis – “The White Indians of Georgia”
41 DNA Evidence of Peoples of the Azores
42 DNA Evidence of Miskito and Sumo (also spelt Suma) Indians of Nicaragua
Part VIII Appendices – Work in Progress
1 Analysis of Mortar and Cement
2 Ship Construction
3 DNA
4 The Quest to find the Master Chart of The World
5 Moctezuma’s Zoo
6 Evidence of the Comet Impact at 48ºS, 166º E, and the resultant Tsunami
7 Zheng He and the Italian Renaissance
8 A Chinese junk in the Great Dismal Swamp – GM Memo 13th March 2006
Part IX – Independent Research
1 Rosa Mui and Paul Dong: Ancient Chinese Astronomer Gan De Discovered Jupiter’s Satellites 2000 Years Earlier than Galileo
2 Chinese Herbal Medicine – Mackay Rippey
3 Professor Zhiqiang Zhang – Zheng He reached Australia. Translation by Juntao Li
4 Mark Nickless – Piasa Bird Monster
5 Mr Lam Yee Din – A Third Research on the Discovery of America by Zheng He’s fleet
6 Similarities between Chinese Medicine and Mayan Healing – Antonia Bowen-Jones
7 History of some Native American Tribes which have ‘Chinese’ DNA – Antonia Bowen-Jones
8 Anatole Andro – The 1421 Heresy
9 Dr. Gunnar Thompson – www.marcopoloinseattle.com
10 Knowledge of the Spherical Earth Centered on the Sun -Gunnar Thompson, Ph.D.
12 John H. Ruskamp and John A. Ruskamp Jr. – Chinese influence in North America
13 Prof. Han Zheng Hua – Nanhai, a Chinese territory boundary as surveyed by the “Four Seas Sunshadow
Independent Research – Cedric Bells survey of New Zealand
1 Introduction
2 Map – Geographical representation of evidence
3 Slab Hut Creek, near Reefton
4 Lyttleton Harbour, Christchurch
5 Lyttleton image gallery
6 BANKS PENINSULA: Introduction
7 BANKS PENINSULA: Onuku
8 BANKS PENINSULA: Akaroa
9 BANKS PENINSULA: Akaroa Image Gallery
10 BANKS PENINSULA: Flea Bay
11 BANKS PENINSULA: Flea Bay Image Gallery
12 BANKS PENINSULA: Stony Bay
13 BANKS PENINSULA: Stony Bay Image Gallery
14 BANKS PENINSULA: Otanerito Bay
15 BANKS PENINSULA: Otanerito Bay Image Gallery
16 BANKS PENINSULA: Okains Bay
17 BANKS PENINSULA: Okains Bay Image Gallery
18 BANKS PENINSULA: Le Bons Bay
19 BANKS PENINSULA: Le Bons Bay image gallery
20 THE CATLINS: Introduction
21 THE CATLINS: Cannibal Bay
22 THE CATLINS: Kaka Point
23 THE CATLINS: Surat Bay
24 THE CATLINS: Surat Bay Image Gallery
25 THE CATLINS: Papatowai
26 THE CATLINS: Papatowai Image Gallery
27 THE CATLINS: Tahakopa Image Gallery
28 THE CATLINS: Cathedral Caves
29 THE CATLINS: Cathedral Caves Image Gallery
30 THE CATLINS: Porpoise Bay
31 Dunedin
32 Otago Peninsula
33 Dunedin Botanical Gardens
34 Dunedin image gallery
35 Moeraki Beach, South Island, New Zealand
36 Moeraki image gallery
37 Oamaru
38 Waitaki River
39 Shag Point
40 Shag Point image gallery
41 Katiki Beach
42 Katiki Beach image gallery
43 Rakaia to Ellesmere
44 Rakaia Huts Image Gallery
45 Christchurch, South Island, New Zealand
46 Christchurch image gallery
47 Omarama image gallery
48 Survey of wrecked Junks
49 Survey of Fortified Barrack Blocks
50 Comparison between the Chinese and the Romans
51 Conclusion
52 Results
53 Bibliography
Independent research – New Zealand Update – Antonia Bowen-Jones
1 The Waitaha People – a Chinese colony that settled in New Zealand 2000 years ago.
2 Ruins may show Incas beat Maoris to New Zealand?
3 The Jean Rotz Map
4 Were the Marlborough canals constructed by the Chinese?
5 Paliser Bay Gardens
6 Seagardens
7 New Zealand Plants with a South American or Asian Connection
8 Kune Kune Pigs – How did they get to New Zealand?
9 The Flightless Campbell Island Teal (Anas nesiotis) – How did it get there?
10 Otter Sightings in New Zealand
11 Arrival of Rats in New Zealand 2000yrs BP
12 Evidence of Similarities in Asian and New Zealand Art Work – Global totems
13 Chinese pyramids in New Zealand?
14 The Moeraki Boulders: man-made spheres used on Chinese junks?
15 Chinese ship construction
16 Chinese mining of iron, greenstone, silver and gold in pre-Maori New Zealand
17 Results: Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory – R28235/1
18 Smelter Slag sample
19 Wood sample found at Tahakopa Bay, New Zealand
20 Shell sample found at Tahakopa Bay, New Zealand
21 New Zealand Radiocarbon Database Reports on pre-Maori Human Bones
22 New Zealand Update Summary
Independent Research – Alaska and the Bering Straits – Joseph Davis
1 Alaska and the Bering Straits Local Support
2 My questions for Alaskans
3 Note from reader concerning Native Americans
Independent Research – New Zealand
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